Help with calling user info in a session

I'm (clearly) a newbie when it comes to ColdFusion programming, but I've learned some of the basics (queries, calling info from a SQL database, etc).

My question is, due to being totally unable to find an example online that FULLY explains how to do it, I'm trying to create a form where people can request a service (out of a selection), and then submit the info to a database. I am still working on the database/form, but my question is the fact that this page is only viewable by people who are already logged into the website. Now, I can do a query to get the information from the database about the user's info (name, contact info, department), but what I don't understand is how to call up their info while they are logged in so that their info is attached to the form submission to the database table I'm making.

I'm not looking for an entire coded response, but I am stuck on three different ways (and I don't know how different they really are); I've been exploring possibly doing an Application.cfc eventually, but would I be using a cffunction? Or is it cfmethod? I was also reading about cfparam, and I'm just totally stuck on which path to persue. I know I could possibly use a cfif statement, because that's the closest example I've found, but I also read that it's not the best for what I'm trying to do.

Can someone please at least point me in the right direction for which tags I need to be looking at? Thanks so much.