You purchased a license of Philosopher? If it's the same one listed as shown in the two links the typeface is available for free via Google Fonts. It can also be added via Adobe Fonts:
https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Philosopher
https://fonts.adobe.com/fonts/philosopher
Normally if you install a font file in a computer's operating system it should be visible to both InDesign and Illustrator. The same goes for adding fonts at the Adobe Fonts web site. Both applications should see the individual font or type family. An older version of InDesign could still load Postscript Type 1 fonts. Adobe dropped support of Postscript Type 1 fonts not too long ago. In the case of the Philosopher type family I don't think it has ever been available in Type 1 format.