So... I opened the same file in both version of Photoshop (2020 v. 21.0.3 and CC 2015 v.16.0) and I got different results.
Everything except program version is exactly THE SAME (layers, blend modes, color profiles etc.). This look like the Color Dodge in 2020 doesn't work like it supposed to. It doesn't "burn" the image/layer. It's not even close to the 2015 version look. It's a bug? Can someone know how to fix it?