You're missing a few things in your script.
You need to decalre the intent of the callout as "FreeTextCallout". This is what will allow you to enter text. And with that said, also decalre the text size, font size, and font type.
The example below is adapted from other examples found in the Adobe Acrobat SDK JavaScript API Reference, Annotation properties, Page 24 (callout annotations are fully covered from page 12 through 37)
var annot = this.addAnnot
({
page: this.pageNum, type: "FreeText", intent: "FreeTextCallout" , rect:
[200, 300, 200+150, 300+3*12], strokeColor: color.red, textColor: color.black, textFont: font.Helv, textSize: 10, width: 1, alignment: 1,
});
What I do to to find the best coordinates and where to place a static annotation in the current page, I simply manually create one using the "Comment" tool. Then I resize it to how I want it and drag the annotation in that page and drop it where I want it.
Then you can open the console (CTRL+J) and run a script to find the coordinates of that annotation and other properties.
Then you can take the coordinates output by the console and use them and work with them with your addAnnot script. Adjusting the annotation position is illustarted with some examples of using Rect on pages 579-580.