Mit welcher Schrift(-familie) kann ich die Times ersetzen?

Do you want to use a "clone" typeface that literally looks like Times or Times New Roman? Nimbus Roman looks identical to Times and it is available to sync via Adobe Fonts. Dutch 801 BT from Bitstream is another clone of Times.

Times is a "Transitional" style typeface. Others in this category include Baskerville, Janson, Caslon, Baskerville, Century and numerous others.