is it possible to display windows domain details in coldfusion?

ping -a ip address from command.com will return the machine name.  All you have to do is figure out how to put that into a batch file and retrieve the info.  Then you can call the batch file with cfexecute.

Is is possible for Coldfusion to automatically retrieve these as variables?

No.  Because CF runs on the CF server and talks solely to the web server.  It doesn't know anything about the client at the other end.

However the web server might be able to pass this info on to CF, provided the client browser sends it to the web server in the first place.

I've not looked at this for an age, but IE used to automatically send the client machine's current Windows authorisation credentials if the web server was set to not allow anonymous access.  However only IE did this.  And I dunno about the machine name.

You need to approach your investigation here from the browser / web server perspective, rather than a CF perspective: you need to find out how to get the browser to send that info to the web server, and then how to get the web server to expose this to CF.

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Adam