You can use cfdbinfo. I shall now give you a quick proof-of-concept.
You can improve it using the struct or array functions.
<cfdbinfo
type="columns"
table="myTable"
datasource="myDSN"
name="tableColumnData">
<!--- Dump the properties of all the columns of myTable. 'tableColumnData' is a query object. --->
<!---<cfdump var="#tableColumnData#">--->
<!---Get the size of the column named 'myCol'--->
<cfloop index="i" from="1" to="#tableColumnData.recordcount#">
<cfset columnSize = tableColumnData["column_name"][i]=="myCol" ? tableColumnData["column_size"][i] : "Column not found or column-size cannot be determined.">
<cfif tableColumnData["column_name"][i]=="myCol">
<cfbreak>
</cfif>
</cfloop>
Size of column myCol:<cfoutput> #columnSize#</cfoutput>