There's a code analyser in CFAdmin which should help you troubleshoot incompatibles. It doesn't work back as far as CF5, but it'll be a start.
One thing to look out for is CF5 is quite forgiving of having variable names like "URL", which'll cause you problems as scope-names are reserved words now.
You should perhaps migrate your codebase onto CF9 and cfcompile the whole lot. That'll show up any compiler errors (eg: illegal syntax). I think cfcompile is missing from CF10 (can't check: am at the pub at the moment).
Also some old com+ and CFX tags are unlikely to work now. Check all those.
Oh: from CFMX6 onwards, DB connections are done via JDBC, not OLEDB or ODBC, and this caused me some compat issues too.
And the last thing I can think of is CFGRAPH no longer works reliably. But it was never any good anyhow, so more fool you for using it, if you are 
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Adam