Can I select a only single record track in a multi track session?

Actually it doesn't 'differ completely' from the Windows style guide at all. Let me quote you the relevant section from the introduction:

"A consistent keyboard UI between applications helps users to learn and interact with new applications. An application must not affect any system-wide shortcut keys (a key or a combination of keys used to perform a command), such as the Windows logo key that opens the Start menu. An application must also follow commonly recognized shortcut key assignments, such as CTRL+C for Copy and CTRL+Z for Undo.

However, this does not mean that all shortcut keys need to be standardized or that applications must always be forced to support the same shortcut keys. For example, not all applications need to support CTRL+P for printing."

Note the bit I bolded. The guidelines for multiple selection that are supposed to be adhered to are the ones relating to files and folders, and Audition sticks to those, as it does with the copy and paste ones.

As for your specific situation, no there isn't an Exclusive option like there is on track solo buttons, I'm afraid. What there is though (and I think this is set up on the default keyboard layout) is the ability to toggle all Record channels on and off - this uses the ' key. If you get in the habit of using that before record-enabling a track, then you don't have the problem - whatever's in Record gets deselected.

In principle there's nothing wrong with the idea of having the Record buttons toggled - you could put it forward as a suggestion - here.