Identify Layers within an Artboard

Illustrator is different than Pages or spread in Indesign where layers are based on the spread.

You can do it but it is a manual job!

I do it all the time to make sure some of my layers are based on Artboard.

(It is almost like in PS but here you have a choice...)

Here are some screenshots...see the layers and Artbord have same name but I moved it manually

No, because as you point out -- layers & artboards are unrelated

Layers cover the entire canvas, while artboards are sections of the canvas. Nothing stops art from being on one layer but multiple (or no) artboards. So the question doesn't have a meaningful answer. Perhaps you're looking for "Is there a way to tell what art is contained within an artboard?"