Background

I made this video that shows eight different ways to add an image into a document. https://youtu.be/DgaDPeujU3Y

Does turning off »Use Graphics Processor« in the Performance Preferences (Photoshop > Preferences > Performance > Graphic Processor Settings) and restarting Photoshop have any bearing on the issue? 

When you create a new file, it is one of the options in the dialogue box.

You can set the background color in the "New" dialog. But you can't change it to an image.

If you wish an image as background you can create a psd file with the image as background. Instead of create a new file you open your saved psd file and work with it. When you try to save this file for the first time you must use "Save As..."

I don't know another way to do it.