A pixel image is fundamentally different from a vector design. Vector artwork can be scaled indefinitely and will still be rendered at full screen resolution. A pixel image is just pixels. Zoom in, and those pixels just get more prominent. The pixels are the atoms, and you have only 158 of them across.
There are workarounds to reduce the inevitable impact, but not remove it.
One is to never use jpeg. Jpeg is for photographs. The jpeg algorithm is particularly unsuited for sharp edges against flat areas. It will produce "ringing" artifacts. PNG is the way to go.
The other is to avoid slanted lines as far as possible. Again, pixels are just pixels. To produce a slanted line, the pixels stairstep. There's no way to get around that. That has nothing to do with Photoshop.
If you need this as a pixel image, create it as such in Photoshop at 100% size. Plot the pixels individually, using the pencil tool (which does not anti-alias).
Thanks for your help 🙂