How to change skin colour (race) in Photoshop?

(This is part of an Information Sheet I wrote for my students, I hope you find it useful)

Color of skin varies considerably depending upon ethnicity, type and level of illumination, nearby reflective surfaces, and even time of day. The old Eastman Kodak Q-60 Color Input Target included a dozen skin tone reference samples and those are far from the variety we see in one day. As a result, there is no single combination of RGB or CMYK values in Photoshop that produces the only “correct” flesh tone.

We can, however, come up with some guidelines that may be applied when using Curves to correct what we recognize to be unnatural skin color in a digital image. Moreover, since whatever shifted the skin tone away from normal also affected the colors in the rest of the photograph, correcting skin tones with a curve adjustment automatically contributes to correcting other colors throughout the entire image.

I have found that, for me, flesh tones are more easily and precisely adjusted in CMYK mode. In that context, satisfactory Caucasian skin tone is rendered when the yellow value of the skin is similar to the magenta – certainly within ten points -- and the cyan is one-third to one-fifth the value of the magenta. More often than not, the yellow is a bit stronger than the magenta, but it is not a hard and fast rule.

For example, about c10 m40 y45 k0 is a common combination for light Caucasian skin. Fashion and cosmetic advertising typically reduces those numbers by about 25% -- but the proportion is similar. It is the relationship of the three colors to each other, rather than these exact values, that is the guide here. It provides a general direction for change when the color of a face tends toward lobster, cadaver or ghoul.

1. As mentioned above, for me, flesh tones are more easily and precisely adjusted in CMYK mode. Choose Image > Mode > CMYK Color. While using the Color Sampler tool with the Sample Size in the Options bar set to 3 x 3, position the cursor on a non-highlight part of the face and click. Note that the CMYK values that comprise that skin sample will appear in a separate panel labeled #1 within the Info panel.

2. Choose Image > Adjustments > Curves. Hold down the Cmd+Shift keys and click on the sampler mark in the image. It will seem that nothing has happened but if you look at the Info panel you will see it has added a segment to #1 showing the CMYK values again. Consider them Before and After. As you change the curve, the Info panel will show the change... the After. In addition, you will discover this command also placed a dot on the separate Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black curves for you. (Input and Output numbers will appear, as well. They may be slightly different from the numbers in the Info panel for that value. That is not important. It is the Info panel that will be our guide.)

3. Choose a channel from the drop-down menu in the Curves’ Channel field and tap the + key on the keyboard until the marker on the curve turns black.  Use the up or down arrow to move the curve until, in the Info panel, the adjusted value – the After -- for that channel approaches the ratio mentioned above. As you alter the curve, the color of the image will change to reflect it.

4. Proceed from channel to channel and back again as you fine-tune the color, keeping in mind the approximate c10, m40, y45 ratio. Once that relationship has been addressed, additional skin color correction becomes an aesthetic decision. To clear the Color Sampler tool mark, choose that tool and click on Clear in the Options bar.

One final hint: If you are going to err, err to the warm side. Then click OK and return to RGB mode if desired.

Note: With the Caucasian color ratio as the starting reference, Black skin tone composition is typically a stronger in both cyan and magenta. Often the cyan increases to about half of the magenta value. In addition, any touch of black can be considered part of the cyan calculation. The result is an enormous array of tans and rich browns. Asian skin tones, and there are many, are a bit stronger in yellow and cyan than the Caucasian example cited.

Short answer: Adjustment Layers and Layer Masks.

But as you might have guessed that’s a pretty short description of a potentially pretty complicated process.

Usually changing an object of a medium-tone color to another color is easier than changing a very bright or dark object’s color,

So in this case the man’s hair may not feature sufficient detail for a meaningful recoloring.

If you want to edit spatial elements like the shape of facial features Filter > Liquify (naturally used as a Smart Filter) may prove useful.