I did a deeper dive into this and have found the OP's file is using an indexed-color transparency attribute set for any white pixel to be transparent. According to the official specification for PNG, this is all well and good (it uses a flag at the head of the file: "tRNS"). What it requires, however, is a preceding flag "PLTE" which defines the color mode. Without it, it seems Photoshop is (properly?) strictly ignoring the "tRNS' flag altogether and opening the file as RGB without Transparency. This file is indeed missing the PLTE attribute.
If you open the file in Preview or any other program and resave out, it will work fine.
All this to say: it's not you, it's the file. Have them resave a different way.