Scripting: Toggle "Proof Colors"

I ran several tests and it works very well here.

Check this script:

cTID = function(s) {
    return app.charIDToTypeID(s);
};
sTID = function(s) {
    return app.stringIDToTypeID(s);
};
// ToggleProof Colors
function ToggleProofColors() {
    // Select
    function tpc(enabled, withDialog) {
        if (enabled != undefined && !enabled)
            return;
        var dialogMode = (withDialog ? DialogModes.ALL : DialogModes.NO);
        var desc1 = new ActionDescriptor();
        var ref1 = new ActionReference();
        ref1.putEnumerated(cTID('Mn  '), cTID('MnIt'), sTID("toggleProofColors"));
        desc1.putReference(cTID('null'), ref1);
        executeAction(cTID('slct'), desc1, dialogMode);
    };
    tpc(); // Select
};
ToggleProofColors.main = function() {
    ToggleProofColors();
};
ToggleProofColors.main();

To toggle you need to know the current state Photoshop is in for either its UI for all documents being processes or if it is a toggle per document being edited the state the documents are  in for example guides per document. The global state can be keep in a custom script option, for document toggle I use each the document's metadata info field.  The other part is knowing the current state you need to be able to change the state  via DOM or Action Manager Code.

As you point out View -> Proof Colors is a toggle there is no need to script it.  If you want to toggle it in an action or script it  execute a menu item.  In action you use insert menu item.  Getting its current toggle state is a different matter. It may be possible.

#target photoshop
cTID = function(s) { return app.charIDToTypeID(s); };
sTID = function(s) { return app.stringIDToTypeID(s); };
function toggleproofcolor() {
  // Select
  function step1(enabled, withDialog) {
    if (enabled != undefined && !enabled)
      return;
    var dialogMode = (withDialog ? DialogModes.ALL : DialogModes.NO);
    var desc1 = new ActionDescriptor();
    var ref1 = new ActionReference();
    ref1.putEnumerated(cTID('Mn  '), cTID('MnIt'), sTID("toggleProofColors"));
    desc1.putReference(cTID('null'), ref1);
    executeAction(cTID('slct'), desc1, dialogMode);
  };
  step1();      
};

Adobe introduced a bug in CC 2015.5  that can break script that use metadata for things like toggle.  I needed to add script events to CC 2015.5 and CC 2017 to add garbage into the info field to work around Adobe bug.   Here is a  toggle for centering guide line for documents.  They will reposition  when you chang canvas size when you toggle them on and off after change canvas. Note this will n]ot work in CC 2015.5 and CC 2017 unless you add garbage to metadat info field.

/* ======================================================================================
// 2015  John J. McAssey (JJMack)  http://www.mouseprints.net/
//  
// This script is supplied as is. It is provided as freeware. 
// The author accepts no liability for any problems arising from its use.
//
// This script is designed to Toggle centering guides.
//      assign a shortcut I use this in an action assigned to F12. 
//
// ===================================================================================== */
/*
<javascriptresource>
<about>$$$/JavaScripts/AddRemoveCenterGuides/About=JJMack's AddRemoveCenterGuides.^r^rCopyright 2009 Mouseprints.^r^rRun twice script utility for action.^r^rFirst Run Set Guides on camvas bounds and center.^rSecond Run clears the set guides.</about>
<category>JJMack's Action Run Twice Utility</category>
</javascriptresource>
*/
if (app.documents.length > 0) app.activeDocument.suspendHistory('ToggleCenterGuides','main()' );
else alert("You must have at least one open document to run this script!"); 
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
function main() {
if (app.activeDocument.info.instructions.indexOf("<CenterGuides>") == -1 ){ // no footprint fisrt useage 
var orig_ruler_units = app.preferences.rulerUnits;
app.preferences.rulerUnits = Units.PIXELS; // Set the ruler units to PIXELS
try { 
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.VERTICAL, 0);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.VERTICAL, activeDocument.width/4);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.VERTICAL, activeDocument.width/2);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.VERTICAL, activeDocument.width*3/4);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.VERTICAL, activeDocument.width);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.HORIZONTAL, 0);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.HORIZONTAL, activeDocument.height/4);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.HORIZONTAL, activeDocument.height/2);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.HORIZONTAL, activeDocument.height*3/4);
activeDocument.guides.add(Direction.HORIZONTAL, activeDocument.height);
  }
// display error message if something goes wrong
catch(e) { alert(e + ': on line ' + e.line, 'Script Error', true); }
app.preferences.rulerUnits = orig_ruler_units; // Reset units to original settings
// put footprint in metadata info instructions
app.activeDocument.info.instructions = app.activeDocument.info.instructions + "<CenterGuides>" + " Show" + "</CenterGuides>"; 
} 
else { 
clearGuides();
// Remove footprint from metadata info instructions
before = app.activeDocument.info.instructions.substr(0,app.activeDocument.info.instructions.indexOf("<CenterGuides>"));
afterOffset = app.activeDocument.info.instructions.indexOf("</CenterGuides>") + "</CenterGuides>".length;
after = app.activeDocument.info.instructions.substr(afterOffset, app.activeDocument.info.instructions.length - afterOffset);
//alert ("before = " + before + " after = " + after);
app.activeDocument.info.instructions = before + after;
//alert("app.activeDocument.info.instructions = " + app.activeDocument.info.instructions);  
} 
} 
//////////////////////////////////////////// Action Manager Code to Clear all Guides ///////////////////////////////////
function clearGuides() { 
   var id556 = charIDToTypeID( "Dlt " ); 
       var desc102 = new ActionDescriptor(); 
       var id557 = charIDToTypeID( "null" ); 
           var ref70 = new ActionReference(); 
           var id558 = charIDToTypeID( "Gd  " ); 
           var id559 = charIDToTypeID( "Ordn" ); 
           var id560 = charIDToTypeID( "Al  " ); 
           ref70.putEnumerated( id558, id559, id560 ); 
       desc102.putReference( id557, ref70 ); 
   executeAction( id556, desc102, DialogModes.NO ); 
};