Addressing 'updated version .. is needed' without updating

Adobe should provide a patch.   Solution.

1.  Go online -> pdf Unlocker-> unlock the PDF

2.  If after unlocking there is still some kind of problem, create a PDF document from a Microsoft Word document + insert the desired problematic PDF into your new PDF.

If it is just for opening and viewing a PDF all you need is Adobe Reader DC, which is free to download and use, or use a web browser like Chrome, for example, to view the PDF.

That said, if you're opening PDFs that have custom calculations, JavaScript scripts, and other Acrobat built-in features set in those PDFs , you may not be able to work with them properly via web browser.

You may need Reader DC or an equivalent third-party PDF viewer.

You are also using  very old versions of both the OS and the PDF handler which doesn't get any type of support, updates, fixes, or patches from their vendors anymore.

Due to security flaws, those platforms have undergone many migration paths  to address those flawd in  more recent versions.

That said, the error you're getting is also related to some PDFs that were probably saved to support version X or above of Acrobat Pro. 

If that is the case, there's is nothing you can do about with your current software, unless the creator of the source PDF lowers the security standard to anything below version IX just for you.