Add Circle and Page Numbers

Yes, for example one technique would be to place the first annotation manually, then use the code you've already seen to copy the annot by copying the annot props and changing the page number. 

But the circle with number presents a challenge, since you'll need to create two annotations. I'd suggest this.  Manaully place a circle on first page. Select it, then run this script in the console window. Or make it a folder level function.

// Place number in circle
props.type = "FreeText";
props.contents = inc.toString();
inc++;
this.addAnnot(props);
// Add circle number combo to all pages
for(var i=1;i<this.numPages;i++){
   props.page = i;
   props.type = "Circle";
   this.addAnnot(props);
   props.type = "FreeText";
   props.contents = inc.toString();
   this.addAnnot(props);
   inc++
}

This method is a bit crude and adhoc.  You'll notice that the number is not centered.  One fix would be to add the text annot up front and select both the initial circle and number, then use separate props objects for each. There are lots of other ways this could be done.  But I have to go back to my original comment. A custom dynamic stamp is the best solution.