Can I install Acrobat Standard without Creative Cloud?

None of these options will work!

You don't need Creative Cloud for lower read write edit e-sign subscriptions like Adobe Standard DC. 
Those alert cookies you are seeing (to go to the URL and reinstall CC) is a click-bait trick (in my opinion and experience) to get subscribers to think something is wrong with their subscription download and then buy the massive bolt-on subscription for this cloud tool. So if you go to your OS system settings > Apps uninstall > the list of Adobe apps will pop up on top and you will prolly notice that Creative Cloud isn’t even installed. Why? That’s because it’s not part of your subscription and that’s just fine. Click “ignore” or “Abort”  on the Adobe alert cookie and just continue to your Adobe app. All of my Adobe tools still work just fine. If you buy Adobe Pro then CC is prolly a part of that down load but it AINT free my friends! 
- peace 

Make sure you're signed out of your Adobe account, download and install Acrobat Reader (yes, Reader), then sign into your Adobe account, and follow the prompt to update Reader to Acrobat Pro. You get the full Acrobat Pro installation. That's how I avoid installing the Creative Clould app and all the background processes and bloatware that go with it. Best to start with a clean installation. If you're device has already been colonized by Adobe, it can be difficult, nay impossible to get rid of all the myriad folders and files, even using their uninstallers.

Of course. By installing the CC app you're not installing all the other Adobe apps. It's just an "organizer". Through it you can install just Acrobat Standard.