I am talking a bit out of my league here as I am a Mac user and we have different issues when trying to scan from within Acrobat, BUT I have seen a number of thread where people describe the kind of scenario that you are having.
In general, there is an issue with the drivers and/or the Twain interface and you computer's operating system: they all have to be coordinated together with the latest updates. Unfortunately there is the risk that if you do one update and the other software items having got their update to work with the original update, you're back to where you are now.
Although it's great when it works, I have long ago given up on trying to scan from within Acrobat and have been scanning by my scanner's software and after that's completed, then I open the document(s) up in Acrobat for OCR processing. In the grand scheme of things, it takes no longer and can actually save a lot of time.
On a semi-related point, this may help you get better quality scans:
https://forums.adobe.com/community/creativepipeline/blog/2018/01/22/scanning-clean-search-able-pdfs