The letterforms and letterspacing are for all intents and purposes identical, so doing an edit now in the TT Helevtica version will be just fine.
HOWEVER...
Ironically, your PDF didn't have Helvetica embedded in it anyway. The original file may have used it, but when the PDF was made the Helvetica wasn't embedded (a common thing back when for reasons I won't get into). Since you don't have Helvetica Type 1 on your system, Acrobat is substituting Arial for viewing, which is a normal Acrobat substitution for Helvetica (also a common thing, particularly from Mac to PC).
So, no, you can't edit using Type 1 Helevtica because it doesn't exist in your PDF, nor on your system, so the TT version is the only game for you.
Ironically, now you will have a mix, because now you will be viewing Arial for the missing Type 1 Helvetica, but seeing the proper Helevtica in your new edits. (Not sure why your Acrobat isn't doing a sub with the TT Helvetica instead of the Arial as I know that's what happens on my Mac, so this could be a PC issue).
If this is a document you are having printed professionally, it may be a non-issue as any Postscript-based printer or RIP has Helvetica installed by default and will use it as called for in the PDF, so your edits will match the original text. A non-PS printer may subsitute Arial, depending on the system.