Some quick observations:
(1) From your description and the fact that in the Word document, the graphic objects are not grouped in any way, it is impossible to determine exactly what object or objects you are referring to. Provide the simplest possible sample with only the problematic object and we might be able to better track what is occurring.
(2) Yes, using Acrobat's PDFMaker (Save as Adobe PDF), we get the same PDF file you attached. But you also get roughly the same PDF file if you use Microsoft's built-in Save as PDF. Both depend on the same EMF graphics and text stream produced by Word and then do their own PDF conversion from same. The fact that both PDF files show similar graphic results is indicative of the problem –whatever that is per (1) above – being in Word and not in anything from Adobe or in the resultant PDF file.
(3) For what it is worth, Microsoft Word is a word processing program and not an illustration program. The type of content you are producing would be much more readily, reliably, and consistently created and edited in an llustration program either from Adobe (such as Illustrator) or other software vendors.