The solution offered by Microsoft as you mentioned is also a good fix for this as it is the Windows that is causing the issue for the icon.
However, other than that, please try the following steps :
Remove or delete Adobe Acrobat icon from the Start Menu, the desktop and (if you have it there) from the taskbar.
Go to C:>ProgramData>Microsoft>Windows>Start Menu>Programs and you will find "Adobe Acrobat XI Pro" with the wrong icon. The that looks like a shortcut. Delete it and close the window.
Go to C:>Program Files (x86) >Adobe>Acrobat 11.0>Acrobat and find Acrobat.exe
Right click on Acrobat.exe Send to>Desktop
Right click again on Acrobat.exe >Pin to Start Mand close the window
Right click on Acrobat.exe - shortcut (that you just created on your desktop) > Copy
Go back to: C: > ProgramData > Microsoft > Windows > Start Menu > Programs... and Paste the shortcut here (you need administrator privileges for that)
Rename this shortcut from "Acrobat.exe - shortcut" to "Adobe Acrobat XI Pro"
Close the window
Now if you open any PDF document, the right icon will appear on the taskbar.