You can work it that way, but there are no features to facilitate it beyond your manual input. You'd have to create all the layers and name/organize/manipulate them in ways that correspond with your artboards and your desired relative behaviors.
Illustrator lived a long and full life before the introduction of multiple artboards, and the feature still has some maturing to do. Perhaps a "shorter putt," as my engineer friends would say, would be if there were artboard locks in the Artboards panel, much like those in the Layers panel. If one could selectively lock artboards, it might solve issues like yours and many others who've posted similar wants.
A feature request covering this is already lodged. See it and vote here: Lock,hide or deactivate artboards – Adobe Illustrator Feedback