How to preview a workspace without any anchors?

Could you please post screenshots with the pertinent Panels (Toolbar, Layers, Options Bar, …) visible? 

I am far from sure that I am going in the right direction with this, but I'm thinking you are working on details — possibly zoomed well in — and want to assess those changes while viewing the entire document.  There are a couple of ways I can think of doing this.

1) Is Window > Arrange > New window for [file name] and then tiling the two windows, with one set to View > Full Screen (Cmd 0) and the other zoomed in to work on details.  The second window does not update entirely in real time. i.e. when you make a brush stroke, the new window will update after you finish the stroke.

2) The second requires that you work with Spring Loaded Shortcuts enabled.

Make your edits, hold down the H key and move the mouse just a touch. The screen will zoom out to Fit to Screen, and a B&W bounding box will appear showing the extent of the current zoom ratio.

This is intended to make it easy to pan to a new area while keeping the current zoom ratio. You move the bounding box and release the mouse button, and it will zoom in at the new location.  It works just as well to quickly toggle between zoomed in and full screen though.

3)  There is a third option if you have lots of screen space, and that's to work with an oversized Navigator window.  This would work in qa similar way to New window for .....

Ron, I might have only questions, may not have answers.
"and preview my overall workspace" how does one preview workspace?
"Photoshop keeps working anchors of the current element" -- perhaps you mean, Ps places transform controls at the corners and centers of the four sides?

I thank you for your post -- I helped someone on this site a months ago and accidentally turned on Show Transform Controls.

Researching for an answer for you, I found how to turn them off!

It seems to occur only when you are using the Move tool (the first tool in the toolbar) or have pressed V, the Move shortcut.

To remove them, uncheck Show Transform Controls.