Apparently you have difficulties describing what is going on, so please post
• screenshot (including all pertinent Panels) of the image before
• and after you performed a Brush Stroke.
And make sure the Foreground Colour makes sense – painting white on white makes no difference naturally.
Edit: With most Blend Modes that is, with a few it does indeed make a difference.
The problem description was quite clear. To paint on "layer 0" - mask (Layer's palette) you needed first to toggle visibility of the "Layer 0 Mask" (channel's palette).
Nobody was painting white on white, black on black or on the wrong layers (ie picture instead of mask).
Resetting the preferences as described here (Preferences in Photoshop) solved the problem. But the cause of this is still unclear, as my colleague does not know how to fiddle the preferences except through the Photoshop interface.