Panning Issue.

In photoshop under Edit>Preferences>Tools see if unchecking Enable Flick Panning makes any difference.

What feels like throwing the canvas when you hold the Space bar, hold the left mouse, drag, and release is part of the Scrubby Zoom feature. You can hold the Space bar, hold the left mouse, and move the cursor without releasing to navigate around the image with more control.

Scrubby Zoom works when you have Use Graphics Processor selected in the Performance section of the Preferences (Edit > Preferences on Windows or Photoshop 2023 > Settings on macOS). You can disable it by deselecting Use Graphics Processor, but then you won't be able to press Z and scrub with the cursor to quickly change magnification.

In a first step try another workspace if the issue persists. If it's gone, try to reset the workspace with the issue  to the default settings. Goto Window > Workspace > Reset {Name of the Workspace}.

Try to reset the preferences of Photoshop using the steps described here:

Preferences in Photoshop (adobe.com)

Please backup your settings before resetting the preferences. You can check:

Migrate presets, actions, and settings (adobe.com)

Another try is to disable the option to "Use Graphics Processor" from Photoshop by going to Preferences, then Performance. Once done, quit & relaunch Photoshop to check if that helps.

If it helps, you can check out the steps suggested here:  https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/kb/troubleshoot-gpu-graphics-card.html

If this doesn't help try is to enable the Older GPU Mode option in "Preferences" > "Technology Previews" > "Use Older GPU Mode (pre 2016)". Then goto "Preferences" > "Technology Previews" and enable "Disable Native Canvas". Restart Photoshop.

If this all doesn't help, we need more informations aubout your system. Maybe you can post your Photoshop system info. In Photoshop goto Help > System Info and hit the copy button. Then paste the entire informations into this thread.