Hi
You can flick between the two zooms when adjusting but just bear in mind that when you see a difference it is the 100% zoom that is accurate.
I would adjust and keep that full size as a master.
Then, when you need a smaller version, downsize and be prepared To readjust because the downsizing will introduce changes in an image like yours.
In your particular case where you want to do a large batch you could try on an image then make those same adjustments before resizing. Check again and if you are happy, sync to the others then export.
The 8 bit preview is not a bug. It was a decision made many years ago when PCs were not as powerful and is wired in to the core of Photoshop. Could it be changed now? I am not a developer so I do not know how hard it would be, but what is obvious is that it would impact the whole of Photoshop.
Regardless of that, displaying any image at other than a 1 to 1 relationship between image and screen pixels has to involve some interpolation or combining of pixels.
Dave