Trying to create a TEMPLATE with Fill Layers of the same PATTERN in different scales.

Here is action to accomplish your task https://shared-assets.adobe.com/link/4dba9a08-2ccc-4ae8-5dce-9c7996200a42 If you need help to load and run action please do not hesiate to ask.

To run action you must have 4 layers in your document: pattern_1 .... pattern_4 as shown in screenshot below - layers are colored with red. That layers will be clipped to shapes below. Layer pattern_1 will have 100% pattern scale and you will choose at the beginning of action which pattern to use when Layer Style dialoguw opens, ensure that you are on Pattern Overlay tab then choose pattern.

Here is animation with process to run action and change pattern, The rest will be done by action, same pattern will be replicated on layers named pattern_2 - 4 with gradual scale of pattern.

If I can understand your request then solution is to use cloned smart object layers:

• Create pattern fill layer, Update: after seeing your screenshot it seems to me that your best bet is to use shape layer with pattern fill. You may need to create much larger shae layer of what you need with 100% pattern scale to be able to use this technique by scaling down Smart Object layers. 
• Convert it to Smart Object layer
• Duplicate Smart Object layer using Ctrl + J couple of times.
• Scale each Smart Object layer to percent that you need.
• When you change pattern on any of Smart Object layers by editing its content all other cloned instances will update content but will keep its own scaling percentage.

You can also record action. The process is following: Before anything else create clipping layers with Pattern Overlay layer style.

• Record step with modal control turned on to change Pattern Overlay on layer 1 and set scale of pattern to 100%.
• Record step to copy layer style.
• Record step to select second clipping layer.
• Record step to paste layer style. It will paste exactly same pattern with same scaling percentage which is copied or 100%.
• Record step to scale layer effect to 75%.
• Record step to select next clipping layer.
• Record step to paste layer style. It will paste exactly same pattern with same scaling percentage which is copied or 100%.
• Record step to scale layer effect to 50%.
• Record step to select next clipping layer.
• Record step to paste layer style. It will paste exactly same pattern with same scaling percentage which is copied or 100%.
• Record step to scale layer effect to 25%.

Please post a meaningful screenshot or sketch. 

Smart Objects (or Linked Smart Objects) might provide a solution.