Up until this day, there really is no substitute for Photoshop as a whole. There are many programs out there, that do certain things better than photoshop, but lack other features, that photoshop provides. Adobe has switched to the atrocious subscription model, fully aware of the fact, that there is no alternative for many users.
If you want alternatives to certain workflows, you still can find many good programs out there:
Painting:
If you are interested in digital illustration, there are many apps that are better suited to this than photoshop. Photoshop's brush engine hasn't really changed much since its inception in Version 7.
- Corel Painter has the far better tools and a more natural feel when it comes to the pure painting and drawing experience. The newest version of Painter has made huge improvements to the usability and interface issues that plagued the program before. Also it is a one time purchase, no subscriptions:) On the downside, the performance is still lacking compared to photoshop and image editing capabilities are nowhere near extensive. I would still recomment this as the best alternative for pure painting. It needs some time to get used to it, but it might be worth yout time. The amount of customization options is overhelming at first, but the digital manual is excellent and explains everything in detail.
- Artrage is a cheap and simple alternative, if you are only interested in digital painting. The user interface is a little clunky, but the brushes are nice and more than sufficient for the basic needs. Image editing is lacking compared to photoshop. Also it is cheap and there is no subscription model.
- More a drawing app than a painting tool is Sketchbook. The Program has become free recently and is an excellent choice for your basic drawing needs. Brushes are very precise and there are people out there who create great works of art with it.
- If you have an Apple Ipad, the best thing you can get for painting is Procreate. This little gem of software is getting better and better with every version and the performance is simply amazing. I consider the experience to be equal if not better than photoshop, Brushes are fully customizable, layer management, transformations and handling is great and almost as good as in PS. There is no desktop version of procreate though but on an ios device there is nothing better.
- If you come from a traditionel background, you might want to give Rebelle a try. One of my favorite programs to date it simulates the look and feel of real watercolor, ink and acrylics like no other app on the market. If used correctly there is no distinction between the real thing and the digital creation. The Team behind it is very responsive and keeps making it better and more efficient with every new version. Also it is cheap and subscrition free.
There is no lack of good Painting alternatives. When it comes to image editing, Compositing and Photo retouching the prospect gets darker immediately.
Photo editing, retouching and compositing:
- The only program that comes almost close to the power of photoshop for average users is Affinitiy Photo. The menus are streamlined, the overall functionallity is great and there should be almost no basic task in photoshop that affinity can't handle as well. The problems start when the tasks get more advanced and the demands are getting higher. Affinity has it's own way of splitting tasks into different workspaces (called personas) and this makes the handling of workflows kinda strange (IMO). Also the performance is nowhere near as good as in photoshop. However it is still the only real competition to adobe. Also it is not a subscripton model and purchasing is not very expensive for what you get.
- For real professionell compositing there is nothing better than Nuke. The program is node based and almost all-powerful. Compared to photoshop it has a working 32 bit workflow and unlimitied capabilities when it comes to real high end compositing and editing. The high price tag makes this an option for high end users only. Also does the node based interface require a lot of getting used to, if you are not familiar with this kind of approach.
This list is in no way conclusive but it might get you an idea of what to expect outside the world of adobe and. I have been using Photoshop since version 3.0 and have been a happy customer up until the invention of greed based, monopoly exploiting subscription models. Right now the way I see it, adobe is abandoning it's former customers in the high end poweruser end of the market and is concentrating only on the instagram casual user. Things like an half assed "face liquify" and the horrendous obsession with "automated features" is evidence to me, that it is about time, that other companies fill the gap that adobe has left open for high end users.
I hope this helps:)