How to know on which layer is located a part of my drawing

Actually more than one layer can be involved  layers can  blend together Photoshop has a layer stack that made into a image composite 

You may Opt/Alt+Click to just see the content of the layer only as it hides the content of all the other layers. There is also a new feature called "Zoom to Layer' to select and pick any layer to zoom and work with. You just need to Opt/Alt+Click on the layer to select and zoom any layer, you want to work with. It will ensure that you are working on the layer you want to work with. 

"Is there a way to know on which layer ... "

In addition to what Dave said, when you right-click in your image, you will get a list of all of the layers under that mouse click. If you have named your layers, you should be able to recognize the name if that is your goal, or you can click the layer to select it in the Layers panel.

~ Jane

You could switch on AutoSelect in the move tool option bar, then clicking on the drawing will take you to the appropriate layer.

Also you can change the thumbnail size in the layers panel. To do that, click at the top right of the layers panel and in the drop down choose "Panel Options".

Dave

Dave