How to share a fill-in file but others cannot edit the information you filled in?

I would say that the best way you can go about this is to create the form in your Acrobat Pro DC desktop version and apply a certify invisible signature with the Certificate tool before you send the PDF to your users.

With your file opened in Acrobat Pro (desktop version), right-click on the certify signature field, select Properties from the context menu, and go to the "Signed" tab.

You'll see there a few optuions that you can configure to restrict which objects or portions of your PDF will be inaccessible to the other users (make fields hidden and/or read only, for example).

That said, only when you clear this signature those field objects will become editable again.

In addition, I would use the "Save as Other" option to save this document with Reader enabled rights and also protect the document with password to restrict users from editing, copying or re-assembling the form, for example.

Last, send the form using Adobe Sign so you can distribute a signing order and assign signing blocks to each specific user.

Using this workflow also guarantees that the users will be able to fill and sign from a mobile device or web browser without the need of Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader.

I know this answer is long and it sounds like a lot, but is very straight forward with the available tools.