I believe they are hot pixels, which can appear if you are photographing with long exposures or using a very high ISO. It can happen with any camera and can come and go randomly. The easiest way to deal with them is to remove them in post processing. It is always best to review your images at 100-200% magnification before submitting, so they should be easy to spot and remove then.
The filter can help with the overexposure as well as increasing your shutter speed or reducing your ISO. With the amount of noise in your image, you probably had the ISO fairly high. You may want to take multiple shots at different exposures and blend them together to get the result you need. Good luck with your reshoot.
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