This is reproducible on two independent computers running different OS versions Win10/Win11. None of the bridge versions display the PNG thumbnails. The PNG files open fine in any PS version.
I can't be more clear by showing a screenshot of Bridge as compared to Paint Shop Pro below. I'll send a file to the aforementioned address.
It's extremely frustrating and also sad that other "browsers/FileManagers" can display all thumbnails correctly and Adobe just can't seem to get up to date.
I checked the PNG file you shared, and while reviewing its properties, I noticed that the image format is actually JPEG. After changing the file extension to JPEG, the Bridge successfully displayed the thumbnail and preview.
Could you try this on your end and let me know if it works for you?