I am currently working with InDesign support to understand and resolve this issue. The Adobe support team agrees this is something that shouldn't be happening. I am on a new computer (Windows 11) with a high-end processor with lots of RAM so this shouldn't be a graphics issue. However, since I find this so annoying, and since I have not heard back from Adobe support yet (who are ALWAYS very helpful) I have found a "work-around" that seems to elimate this issue.
If I go to the master page and create a "white" overlay on the master page (i.e. using the rectangle tool over the whole master page and use a white fill) then when I go back to my normal pages and use the drop shadow on an image, or use any other effect in the effects panel, the black lines no longer show up.
Again, this is just a work-around until I find out from the Adobe support team what the actual issue is, but for me it is WAY better than being distracted by those annoying black lines appearing behind the images.