InDesign Effects Info

Not really. Working in InDesign means working with objects, not working with layers. If you go to the Window -> Layers panel, you can click on the little triangles and expand a list of each object in a given layer on a given page.

The title of your post seems to mean that you want to know about what effects are applied to objects. Like a drop shadow, right? If you open the Window -> Effects panel and select an object, and it has an effect applied to it, then you can mouse over the little "fx" icon and the tooltip will tell you what effects are applied. Or you can open the Effects dialog with your object selected (Control + Alt + M), and you can see which effects are applied. That's the closest I can think of to the Layers panel, as far as "adjustments, filters, etc." go. 

However, InDesign doesn't work like Photoshop, at all. Is it really "effects" (transparency, drop shadow, etc) that you're looking for?  That's not really how we build stuff in InDesign. So if you're a seasoned Photoshop user with comparatively little InDesign experience. and want to see the basic structure of the document, "effects" aren't what you're looking for.