FWIW, there is no significant difference in the code in InDesign 16 versus InDesign 15 in terms of PDF export.
Are differences in PDF export file size strictly due to going from InDesign 15.x to 16 with the same exact InDesign document, placed images, and export options? Or do we have multiple variables here?
Generally speaking, unless you have some very specific needs that rely on layers from PSD files, you are generally much better off using other formats for placement of Photoshop output into InDesign. If your Photoshop content is strictly photographic raster images, ZIP-compressed ICC color managed TIFF is generally optimal avoiding multiple downsamplings and lossiness. If your Photoshop content contains live text and/or vector content, save as PDF/X-4 out of Photoshop (again using ZIP-compression) and place that into InDesign (this method maintains text as text and vector as vector from Photoshop when at all possible).