That setting is actually only in the Middle East edition of InDesign that James is posting about. If you go into the preferences for the Creative Cloud app (File -> Preferences -> Apps -> Default Language), you can pick a language like "English (اللغة العربية)" or "English (שפה עברית)" and reinstall InDesign, and it'll give you an English interface with right-to-left controls, like the binding option in the Document Setup dialog. Your memory is correct; that's where it's located. If you had binding controls, then you had one of those versions installed.
However, I've found that for many of us, Creative Cloud likes to forget the language selected when it gets updated, sometimes. So if you had InDesign 2023 (18.x) installed with "English (שפה עברית)" selected, and then you updated to InDesign 2024 (19.x), it may have updated with the "English" default language selected, and so you no longer have any of those RTL controls. (Also, even if this storyline doesn't apply to you, I do see at least one post every month or two from someone with an English localization of InDesign whose settings have somehow acquired some RTL behavior through some kind of bug or corruption in InDesign preferences.)
If you just want to fix this one document and don't want to much about with reinstalling a new localization of InDesign, I'm guessing that we could change the binding of your document with a single-line script:
app.documents[0].documentPreferences.pageBinding = PageBindingOptions.LEFT_TO_RIGHT;