"I only have checked "Include available previews", since I generated the smart preview before..." That does not work for the [Export as a Catalog].! The Smart Previews you create in the master catalog are associated with the Master catalog only, and are not included in the Exported catalog (See my example below).
You must check the box to [Build / Include Smart Previews], or you will see missing photos when you copy the exported catalog to the laptop.
"this does not happen when I open the catalog (from the same USB) on the "original" machine"- As expected because the original photos ARE IN the 'original' machine (or a drive connected), and the exported catalog recognises them there. The exported catalog always 'remembers' where the original files are located so as to re-link remote edits when you bring the exported catalog back to merge with the Master catalog by an [Import from another Catalog].
Here is my example of an Exported catalog- (With [Build / Include Smart Previews] UN-checked: Note there are NO Smart Previews with this (TEMP CATALOG).

And when the parent folder (containing these catalog files) is copied to my laptop- Result all files are shown as "MISSING".
Your laptop must have either Original files or Smart Previews created in the catalog export if you are going to be able to edit photos.
If you have been "doing this for ages" as you suggest, then something has changed in the Catalog Export dialog that you haven't noticed.
"lightroom will include these on the exported directory with the catalog."- NOT unless you check the box for SPs!
