How can I send a raw file and LR edits to someone else?

Virtual copies are not saved to XMP sidecar files, because an image can only have one sidecar file. That means you cannot just save metadata to files and then send the raw files and the xmp files.

You could export all files and all virtual copies as DNG, but that means you would create real copies for all the virtual copies. The best option is to export the images as a new catalog, and tell your friend to use 'Import from Another Catalog'. You should not even have to include the negatives, because your friend already has the original images and that is what 'negatives' are.

It would be my preference to use the  .DNG format if that would work for your colleague / friend.

My suggestion-

1) Select both the raw files AND the Virtual Copies (in your catalog that you used to edit)

2) From the Menu: File > Export as Catalog... Name it like {Transfer} on the desktop. Include negatives (Selected Photos only) in the Catalog Export.

3) Choose the {Transfer} Folder you named in Step 2) and ZIP it to a compressed zip file

4) Send the ZIP file to your friend (Dropbox).

Your friend can then extract and Import this {transfer} catalog into their master Catalog with all your edits by the Menu: Import from Another Catalog... selecting the {Transfer} Catalog.

You can test your procedure by opening the {Transfer} catalog yourself (Double-click on the Transfer.LRCAT file in the File browser, or in your master catalog Menu: File>Open Recent). If it opens with all the information then Steps 3) and 4) are good to go ahead.