The problem is with the monitor profile.
You seem to be on Windows 10, which is known to install bad profiles when doing updates, so that probably happened to you.
Paint, the Photos app, etc. are not color managed, do not use the monitor profile, and are therefore unaffected.
Try setting the monitor profile to sRGB (Adobe RGB if you have a wide gamut monitor). If this fixes the problem, you should ideally calibrate your monitor with a hardware calibrator.
Go to Control panel > Color management, add the sRGB profile, and set it as default. Make sure Use my settings for this device is checked.

After Effect is probably not color managed – Photoshop is.
Color managed applications will display correct colors regardless of the profile, as long as the monitor profile is sound and correct.
You may try calibrate the monitor profile back to defaults and check if that helps. |
There is no such thing as a default monitor profile.
When you run calibration with a hardware calibrator, a custom profile is created, which describes the monitor accurately in its calibrated state. So the calibration process consists of two steps – calibration and profiling.