Noisy photos problem - mac M2? Denoise? Library vs Develop module? Previews? I can't figure this out

Some of my lowest-light photos have had this sort of colored-noise problem (artifacts?) showing up for the past few months. Any idea what is causing it? It's been since I got a new Macbook Pro (M2 Max) and also around the time that Denoise AI was introduced. 

It doesn't look like typical noise, and part of my problem is that my photos look great in the develop module when I'm viewing the full photo, but if I zoom in or even go to the library module it shows the artifacts. It also shows them on exported jpegs, so it's really making me questsion all of my editing choices if the final output isn't necessarily matching what I'm seeing in the Develop module. 

So far I've tried adjusting the picture profile, playing with different types of "previews", and adjusting manual denoise settings. I've also tried turning on and off the graphics processor setting in the performance tab.

I've attached two jpeg exports of a photo (one without any denoising, and one with Denoise AI), as well as the screenshots of the library and develop modules. Any ideas to help me solve this, or at least help me know that what it's in the develop module is what will actually show on an export?

Camera: Sony A7iv
Photos: RAW
Editing Computer: Macbook Pro (M2 Max)

Attached Photo Settings: 1/160m, F 2.8, ISO 8000 (I know it should be a bit noisy, but in the past I've used Denoise AI to wonderful results with low-light photos like these)
Profile: Adobe Standard
Previews: 1:1 (no smart previews)