How to Convert a Picture into one that was made using Traditional Animation?

I was going to suggest using the Neural Filter > Style Transfer.  You can see that I have it open, but have not turned Style Transfer on.  This is because four times in a row, turning it on and trying to select one of the sample styles crashed my computer.  That is to say my system shut down and restarted, and did so at the same point four times in a row.  It seems to me that it might do what you want, and the Neural filters that I have used and that worked, were little short of amazing, so give it a try.

Note that your image was so dark and flat, it would have given any plugin or filter too little to work with, so I used ACR to increase exposure, boost shadows, add lots of clarity and some vibrance to get it to the state below.

The Neural filter not withstanding, this is Topaz Glow

This is the Photoshop Stylize > Oil Paint Filter 

There are plugins like Topaz Studio.  I tried it but it has countless effects, so you'd need to try it for yourself

Hi!

I agree with c.pfaffenbichler  below--there are some things that only come with doing it the old fashioned way--by drawing it.

But, there is an action that I have played with and you might find it helpful (or at least fun!) -- that is the Toon Artist Action. Check out this link: https://creativecloud.adobe.com/cc/discover/article/toon-artist-action-set?locale=en

I took a screeshot of your photo, played with Curves and brightened it:

Thenk I did a quick Toon Artist Action:

And then I took your image and duplicated it, and placed it on top with a blending mode of Hard Light. 

To get a true animated look, takes time and work, but this might get you part of the way there!

Definitely checkout the Toon Artis Action!

Michelle

Please post examples of what you strive for (images, not links). 

But ultimately »simulating« illustration might necessitate some illustrating.