Is it possible randomly rotate duplicates of the same layer?

Try this script, it assumes that you have selected all the layers to rotate randomly beforehand:

/*
Randomly rotate selected layers.jsx
Stephen Marsh
v1.0 - 2nd November 2024
Features: Single undo step, selected layers and visibility are retained, facilitating multiple script runs
Special thanks jazz-y for the code to work with multiple selected layers
*/

#target photoshop

// Single history stage undo
activeDocument.suspendHistory("Randomly rotate selected layers", "main()");


function main() {

    // Capture the initial layer visibility and layer selection
    var currentLayersState = getLayersVisiblity();

    // Get the selected layers: courtesy of jazz-y
    var s2t = stringIDToTypeID;
    (r = new ActionReference()).putProperty(s2t('property'), p = s2t('targetLayersIDs'));
    r.putEnumerated(s2t('document'), s2t('ordinal'), s2t('targetEnum'));
    var lrs = executeActionGet(r).getList(p),
        sel = new ActionReference();

    // Loop over the selected layers: courtesy of jazz-y
    for (var l = 0; l < lrs.count; l++) {
        sel.putIdentifier(s2t('layer'), p = lrs.getReference(l).getIdentifier(s2t('layerID')));
        (r = new ActionReference()).putIdentifier(s2t('layer'), p);
        (d = new ActionDescriptor()).putReference(s2t("target"), r);
        //d.putBoolean(s2t("makeVisible"), false);
        executeAction(s2t('select'), d, DialogModes.NO);

        // Generate a random integer degree value between -180 and 180
        var randomDegree = Math.floor(Math.random() * 360 - 180);
        //alert(randomDegree);

        // Set the rotation angle
        var idTrnf = charIDToTypeID("Trnf");
        var desc = new ActionDescriptor();
        var idnull = charIDToTypeID("null");
        var ref = new ActionReference();
        var idLyr = charIDToTypeID("Lyr ");
        var idOrdn = charIDToTypeID("Ordn");
        var idTrgt = charIDToTypeID("Trgt");
        ref.putEnumerated(idLyr, idOrdn, idTrgt);
        desc.putReference(idnull, ref);
        var idOfst = charIDToTypeID("Ofst");
        var offsetDesc = new ActionDescriptor();
        offsetDesc.putUnitDouble(charIDToTypeID("Hrzn"), charIDToTypeID("#Pxl"), 0);
        offsetDesc.putUnitDouble(charIDToTypeID("Vrtc"), charIDToTypeID("#Pxl"), 0);
        desc.putObject(idOfst, idOfst, offsetDesc);
        var idAngl = charIDToTypeID("Angl");
        desc.putUnitDouble(idAngl, charIDToTypeID("#Ang"), randomDegree);
        executeAction(idTrnf, desc, DialogModes.NO);
    }

    // Restore the initial layer visibility and selection
    setLayersVisiblity(currentLayersState);
}


///// Functions /////

function getLayersVisiblity() {
    // by jazz-y
    var s2t = stringIDToTypeID,
        t2s = typeIDToStringID;
    (r = new ActionReference()).putProperty(s2t('property'), p = s2t('targetLayersIDs'));
    r.putEnumerated(s2t('document'), s2t('ordinal'), s2t('targetEnum'));
    var targetLayers = executeActionGet(r).getList(p),
        seletion = [],
        visiblity = {};

    for (var i = 0; i < targetLayers.count; i++) seletion.push(targetLayers.getReference(i).getIdentifier());
    (r = new ActionReference()).putProperty(s2t('property'), p = s2t('numberOfLayers'));
    r.putEnumerated(s2t('document'), s2t('ordinal'), s2t('targetEnum'));
    var len = executeActionGet(r).getInteger(p);

    for (var j = 1; j <= len; j++) {
        (r = new ActionReference()).putProperty(s2t('property'), p = s2t('layerSection'));
        r.putIndex(s2t('layer'), j);
        if (t2s(executeActionGet(r).getEnumerationValue(p)) == 'layerSectionEnd') continue;
        (r = new ActionReference()).putProperty(s2t('property'), p = s2t('layerID'));
        r.putIndex(s2t('layer'), j);
        var id = executeActionGet(r).getInteger(p);
        (r = new ActionReference()).putProperty(s2t('property'), p = s2t('visible'));
        r.putIndex(s2t('layer'), j);
        var visible = executeActionGet(r).getBoolean(p);
        visiblity[id] = visible;
    }
    return {
        selection: seletion,
        visiblity: visiblity
    };
}

function setLayersVisiblity(layersStateObject) {
    // by jazz-y
    var s2t = stringIDToTypeID;
    for (var a in layersStateObject.visiblity) {
        makeVisible = layersStateObject.visiblity[a] ? "show" : "hide";
        (r = new ActionReference()).putIdentifier(s2t('layer'), a);
        (d = new ActionDescriptor()).putReference(s2t('target'), r);
        executeAction(s2t(makeVisible), d, DialogModes.NO);
    }
    if (layersStateObject.selection.length) {
        var r = new ActionReference();
        for (var i = 0; i < layersStateObject.selection.length; i++)
            r.putIdentifier(s2t("layer"), layersStateObject.selection[i]);
        (d = new ActionDescriptor()).putReference(s2t("target"), r);
        d.putBoolean(s2t("makeVisible"), false);
        executeAction(s2t("select"), d, DialogModes.NO);
    } else {
        (r = new ActionReference()).putEnumerated(s2t("layer"), s2t('ordinal'), s2t('targetEnum'));
        (d = new ActionDescriptor()).putReference(s2t('target'), r);
        executeAction(s2t('selectNoLayers'), d, DialogModes.NO);
    }
}

https://prepression.blogspot.com/2017/11/downloading-and-installing-adobe-scripts.html