'Super Resolution' Upscaling Algorithm
This was linked from a flickr group, and I am not sure how new the paper is, but it is very impressive. I didn't even try to read or follow the complicated bits, but it compares various up-scaling methods with what they are calling a Super Resolution method, and the difference is amazing.
http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~vision/SingleImageSR.html
ISTR that it was a couple of Weizmann Institute guys that first demonstrated Content Aware Scale/Fill, so - if that is right - they probably have a relationship with Adobe. Something for the next Adobe Max perhaps?

