Done that, doesn't work either. Whatever I do the soundtrack of most videos doesn't show a waverform and sometimes works, but most of the time doesn't.
Interesting: Those files were filmed with an iPhone X using Filmic Pro. If I use files from a Sony camera, they don't seem to be affected by that. I don't know if that is the reason, but it is very odd, that apparently Premiere Pro doesn't like iPhone video files.
UPDATE1: Out of curiosity I opened the video files in Adobe Audition. The program has no problem handling the audio of the files and there is a very nice big waveform, which is missing in Premiere Pro.
Btw, when I try to render the files, the video will have mute parts in it.
This is all very frustrating. I want to create and not test millions of workarounds :-(.
UPDATE2: I also tested editing and rendering one of the video files that Premiere Pro doesn't like
with Shotgun (FREE video editing software): No problems whatsoever, sound is fine.
I don't know what to do now. I need to edit, but can't. I pay money and get a software that doesn't do it's job from one moment to another.
UPDATE3: Guess what happens when I import one of those files into a new After Effects project? It works at first, but when you replay it, the sound is lost!
UPDATE4: Uninstalling and re-installing Premiere Pro doesn't bring a result.
UPDATE5: When opening the files from the timeline directly in Adobe Audition, there is no sound, no waveform, nothing.

On the one hand it seems that Premiere Pro doesn't take the sound from the source to the timeline. On the other hand this does not explain why I lose the sound in the source monitor, too, once I replay the timeline.
In any case, everything is mute. Closing Premiere Pro and reopening, seems to help for a short time, but once you start working in Premiere Pro the problem appears. When you render the video, actually there will be sound for the most part (sometimes more, sometimes less - different each time). But there will also be mute parts.
Hello people, good news: After chatting with a technical specialist from Adobe the problem is largely solved by now. As I have suspected, it had indeed something to do with the iPhone X/Apple. My technical knowledge is limited, but as I understood 32bit .mov/Quicktime videos are not supported any longer. So the solution is to put your files in the Media Encoder and convert them to H264. After that, my files have waveforms again.
You can't believe how thankful I am to that specialist!
The only thing I am struggling right now, is it possible to replace the videos that I have worked on in my project with the new mp4 videos, so that all my editing remains, just the source of the videos changes to the new ones. Or do I have to restart my whole project (which would be okay, too, after all)?