Enlarge UI

There are several ways, depending on what you want to achieve.

The easiest way to be honest ist changing your display resolution. But then all your apps will have a lower resolution.

To avoid this you could use SwitchX to change the resolution just for Ae (or any other application).

If you want to change the font size in Ae and the handle bars for paths you could do it in the console (debug mode).

Change UI text:

• Open the After Effects Console with Cmd/Ctrl+F12
• Click on the hamburger menu and select Debug Database View
• Search for “font” and look for the AdobeCleanFontSize setting.
• Adjust the AdobeCleanFontSize value to a setting that suits you.
• Restart After Effects.

Change handle bars:

• Open After Effects’ Settings (Opt+Cmd+; / Ctrl+Alt+;)
• At the top of the General section, look for Path Point and Handle Size.
• Enter a new value (between 4 and 15 pixels) and hit OK

Right now there is no way to adjust the global scale of the UI.

Would you try this way if your OS is Sonoma 14?

1. You open System Settings.

2. You find Accessibility and open it.

3. You choose Display.

4. You look for Menu bar size in Text field and choose Large.