How to create a 3D spaceship hangar?

You can take some reference artwork into Illustrator and create images for the walls and floor with each wall or floor on a separate layer. Then you can import the AI file as a comp, arrange the layers in 3D, then export the Comp as a C4D file in After Effects. Inside C4D lite you can set extrusions, texture the surfaces, extrude things, and then create your hanger there. You could even do the whole thing with a few shape layers and some repeaters, but it will be a lot more cumbersome. Here's something I threw together. The shape layers and camera:

The C4D file after extruding and doing some texturing:

A simple animated camera move on the C4D file.

So trying to do this in AE without 3rd party plug-ins is possible, but C4L lite is going to take you a lot of fiddling, shape layers that are going to be detailed enough to look like your sample footage is going to be really time-consuming and require a lot of fiddling, You can pick up a little speed if you do your design in Illustrator, Then you can add your little spacesnips and characters but...

As I said in my reply to your post about engine glow, you'll be better off using Blender for the whole project. I've been using for 25 years and Blender for just a few and I could knock out a scene like your sample footage in Blender in about 1/3 the time that it would take me to do it in After Effects. Just using blender to create the OBJ file that you would use in C4D lite would save you a bunch of time. 

Check out http://blender.org.

As much as I love After Effects, it's the wrong app for a complete 3D world like that unless you need to add some footage of real people to the project. Even then, Blender would be the most efficient way to go. You could easily spend more than 100 hours on just the hanger scene. 3D modeling and animation takes a lot of time and a lot of fiddling and a lot of homework.