Yeah, it gets a bit tricky with outlines. Here are a few different things that can be tried, but it does take a bit of experimentation.
Idea #1: try using arms that are NOT independent. Draw the arms in a T position (arms going directly out sideways, or down a little. Use sticks on the edge of the body up to the top of the shoulder, so it spans across where the arm joins the body. The idea is to use a stick to stop the warping of the body when the arm moves. The outline then sticks with the arm artwork. I have got okay results with this, but not always. You will need to group the artwork properly so the hand group is in front of the lower arm group, which is in front of the upper arm group, which is in front of the torso group. That is, use groups for the different sections even though they are not independent. This is so when the arm goes in front of the body, the artwork of the hands will go in front. Otherwise you get strange effects like the outline goes in front of the body and the arm fill goes behind! Funky.
Another approach - create a color patch the same color of the clothes. Make this independent and put it in front of the arms. So you have torso at the back, the arms in front of that, then the color patch on top. Attach the color patch to the torso near the shoulder. The purpose of this patch is to hide the outline of the arm in front of the shoulder, so you need to put the patch right up to the edge of the torso (just inside the outline). That is, the arm still has an outline, but it is hidden by the patch. You want the patch as small as possible because if you move the arm it will go behind the patch (reaching up to the face for example might not work). This works when clothes are a solid color, but fails if the clothes have a pattern.
Another approach is to create the arm in two segments. The upper arm is at the rear, the torso in front, then the lower arm in front of that but attached to the end of the upper arm (at the elbow). The problem with this approach is you need a dragger on the elbow. in addition to the dragger on the wrist. Makes the puppet harder to use. I have used this approach, but don't like it much.
A frequently used approach is to have a swap set with two sets of arms, one behind the body and one in front. You might use Weld for the arm in front of the body so the outline stays in place, and hinge for freer moving arms behind the body. The idea basically is if it is too hard to get one arm to do all the desired movements, use a swapset to reveal a different arm intended for a different set of specific movements. Then each set of the artwork only has to solve a smaller range of arm movements.
Another approach which sometimes works is to not draw the outline of the arm clothes near the top of the arm. If it is a solid color where it overlaps the body, you wont notice a problem. (It might be there, but most people won't look for it.) This does not always work - depends how far you want the arms to move.
Oh, of course look at what the sample puppets do of course. See how they solve the problem.
Oh, regarding the bit on the shoulder sticking out, basically what you have to do is draw a circle representing the shoulder joint, make sure the outline artwork meets it at the right point, and get the shoulder pinned on at exactly the right point so moving the arm comes out right. I think you see the bit sticking out on the right because the pivot point is a little bit too far into the body.
In other words... yes, it is hard to get artwork with an outline to work well. I personally avoid independent arms and use sticks. Then if I really need to do more, I use a swapset for a second set of arms. But it depends on what the puppet is trying to do.
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