From your screen captures, I can see you're on Windows.
And yes, the UI is phenominally miniscule on high-resolution monitors running Windows.
And yes, it doesn't happen when running Illustrator, Acrobat, or Photoshop on the same monitor.
Try these suggestions:
- InDesign has UI scaling controls in Edit / Preferences / UI Scaling. They can improve the appearance on your system, so give them a try and see if there's any improvement. Note: You must re-launch InDesign to see the change in settings. My finding is: meh. Not much improvement.
- Windows 10 has several adjustments that can improve InDesign's UI. The first is in the Control Panel: System Settings / Display / Scale and Layout.
- Change the size of text, apps, and other items: choose a scaling factor. Right now my system is using a custom scaleing factor of 225% and it seems to improve things. Note: if you increase the scaling too much, InDesign's dialogue boxes and panels go haywire, so be cautious with this setting. Another note: This will affect all of your programs, not just InDesign.
- Hook up a second monitor to your system, one that lets you adjust the resolution to something that works for you. My second monitor is set to 2160 px resolution and things look pretty good when I drag the InDesign application window onto it.
I sure wish Adobe would correct this problem, which doesn't seem to affect folks on Macs. I good prod to Adobe on their www.InDesign.UserVoice.com "wish list" forum might get some movement.