I am sure Myriad Pro does not contain Braille patterns. (Even though the local Adobe Staff seems to know more...) I am a bit in the dark, though, how you managed to get to see them in Windows' Character Map. It must have some setting that (just like Word does) automatically selects a different font if the current one doesn't contain something. All I ever get to see is the exact character set as in the font.
Minus the ones that Windows cannot show, that is (ligatures, digits types, small capitals and so on).
It is not strange that none of the fonts you checked contains Braille, it's a very rare set. Also, you only have to have one font -- there is no use to press font makers into adding them to every font.
Check this font list and see if it contains something you recognize: http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/braille_patterns/fontsupport.htm (not Last Resort or SIL Unicode BMP Fallback, though -- these are generic 'placeholder fonts' only, and should not appear in such a list).
Surprisingly, I don't see any modern Windows fonts, nor the otherwise trustworthy fallback Arial Unicode MS. My Mac has one font that contains them; it's aptly called "Apple Braille" and came on the system. It seems Microsoft, for its part, fails to see (huh huh) a problem. Then again, if you are able to call them up in the Character Map, you must have a supporting font somewhere...